of the passenger car, light commercial, and heavy- duty vehicle fleets in the EU from 2001 to 2024. It is focused on new vehicle registrations, technolo- of the latest regulatory developments in the EU. EU-27, as measured in the laboratory via the World- (WLTP), was 108 g/km in 2024. All manufacturing At around 10.6 million vehicles, total new In May 2025, the EU adopted a change to the States in 2024 compared with the previous year. After expanding rapidly nearly every year since 2001, existing CO2 standards, which mandate a 15% and vans by 2025, a 55% reduction for cars and off-road vehicle segment stayed constant in 2024. The segment remains the market leader, making 50% reduction for vans by 2030, and a 100% emis- sions reduction for both cars and vans by 2035, up 48% of new registrations in 2024, followed by all relative to a 2021 baseline. The change allows man- New registrations of heavy-duty vehicles (i.e., trucks and buses above 3.5 tons), declined by about 5% compared to the previous year, to 363,500 vehicles. Among heavy-duty trucks, 4x2 and together, they comprised a 19% share of the conven- CO2 emission levels of their new vehicles. BEVs not than it is among long-haul tractor-trailers, because over their entire life-cycle (Bernard et al., 2025). While labuassed (s^Hd) p!q<y ul-bnjd pue (s^3H) p!uq<y cars have 20% and 30% lower emissions, respectively, than conventional gasoline vehicles, BEV life-cycle