5.2.2 The role of clinker substitutes in green cement enhance the green cement market. By replacing clinker with SCMs, carbon emissions from cement production can be substantially reduced. This shift supports global sustainability goals. As the demand for environment friendly materials grows, clinker substitutes will serve as a catalyst for technological innovation and investment in the sector. This evolving opportunity will add substantial value to the sector. The cost comparison of the various clinker Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) is a blend of clinker, low-grade LC3 cement. It has 50% clinker ratio, resulting in approximately 35-45% less CO2 emissions compared to OPC. In the production of LC3, clay is calcined OPC. This lower temperature minimises CO2 emissions associated with the calcination of limestone. Furthermore, clinker produced for LC3 is softer as compared to OPC clinkers, thus requires less energy in grinding Annexure 4. Based on bagasse prices from CERC, bio-ash is likely to cost less; Based on recycled concrete prices in US (lower cost in range assumed). These estimates are indicative based on available data and are subject to change