Contribution of policies to total climate action, 2023 numeric score between O0 (no policy) and 10 (very stringent). Panel D is based on the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency Index (EPS) which ranges from zero (least stringent) to six (most stringent). It covers 13 policy instruments, focusing on climate change and air pollution mitigation policies. Sources: Nachtigall et al. (2022) for A., B. and C. and Kruse et al. (2022) for D.
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