scientific advice provided (notably, in 2020 IMARPE faced allegations of corruption as officials were suspected of having inflated the fishing quota of anchoveta during the second fishing season of 2019, and of having leaked confidential information to the industry (OANES, 2020[a1). This prompted efforts to Decree No. 1677 on 28 September 2024, which is intended to serve as IMARPE's new governing law. One of the main changes is redefining how the head of the Institute was appointed. Originally, the Institute was led by a retired navy admiral officer appointed by the President of Peru. The Emergency Decree set forth that the Head of the Institute would be chosen meritocratically, through a public regulations by PRODUCE, which would further detail the Institute's updated structure and organisation, Sources: htps:/repositorio.imarpe.gob.pe; Government of Peru (2024(7i), Review of Peru's fisheries and aquaculture: Policy information Organisation; Interviews in the context of the Review (2024[21), Interviews conducted with Peru's government representatives and stakeholders in the context of the Review. 2.4. Political instability has implications for fisheries governance ministerial level, included in PRODUCE and other fisheries-relevant public agencies. For example, between 2020 and 2025, PRODUCE has had 15 Ministers of Production and five Vice-Ministers of fisheries sector, including for in-depth policy reform, and has also created a perception of interrupted policy continuum (Gozzer-Wuest, Alonso-Poblacion and Tingley, 2021[8]; Paredes et al., 2024[9j; Government of Peru, 2024[7). This can also impact the technical capacities and staff of the sector who are subject to constant changes and adjustments (OECD, 2023[1o]).