of generative adversarial networks (GANs), and in text generation in 2017 with the introduction of the Transformer.2 Key products such as ChatGPT were introduced as recently as 2022. Considering how recent these research breakthroughs and products are, the adoption of generative Al in Korea has occurred at a very high pace, nearly twice as fast as the internet during its initial roll-out in the mid-1990s, according to the Bank of Korea. Far quicker than other social media platforms, ChatGPT reached 100 million users globally in just two months, as noted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in Japan. As of 2025, 64% of Koreans reported using generative Al for professional or personal purposes. However, corporate adoption is more variable. According to the ministry's recent business operations, as compared with 37.4% of US corporations. And a survey recently conducted by the US Census Bureau states that just 9% of the 1.2 million US firms surveyed were using Al technology as of the second quarter of 2025. to the Korean Federation of SMEs, its 2023 survey showed that only 5% of SMEs ou pu %a seaaum 's bundope jo ssaioid e ui alam jo i paidope pey eay u! plan to adopt any Al technology in the foreseeable future. The European Union has large corporates and SMEs, as the disparity reportedly continues to grow over time. 2 In this context, Transformer refers to the software technique based on attention mechanisms, which underpins large language models (LLMs). This is unrelated to electrical transformers, which change the voltage of AC electricity.