LP in the manufacturing sector over the period 2000-21, defined as manufacturing value added divided by manufacturing employment, reveals distinct temporal trajectories and development heterogeneity in productivity growth paths, with some economies achieving sustained improvements while others exhibit stagnation or volatility. period. Singapore displays exceptional productivity growth, reaching levels substantially above those of other economies by 2021. The ROC displays sustained high productivity levels and continues to grow, reinforcing its position as a major manufacturing hub. The ROK, Japan, and Malaysia also 84 | APO PRODUCTIVITY OUTLOOK 2026 | ENERGY EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY IMPACTS, AND COMPOSITE INDICATOR DEVELOPMENT