sectors, with most economies showing gradually increasing energy efficiency—indicating improved performance as the sectors produce more output per unit of energy consumed. While the overall patterns suggest modest efficiency gains across the sample, the pace and consistency of improvements vary considerably among economies. For example, economies such as the ROC, the ROK, and the Philippines demonstrate steady upward trajectories in energy efficiency, suggesting sustained improvements in efficiency across their economic activities. Conversely, several economies such as Vietnam, Nepal, and Bangladesh exhibit relatively APO PRODUCTIVITY OUTLOOK 2026 | ENERGY EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY IMPACTS, AND COMPOSITE INDICATOR DEVELOPMENT | 87