most competitive group, but as their economic structures become less manufacturing intensive, the gap with other country groups has nar- in 2010 to the tenth place in 2023. High-income industrial economies On the other hand, middle-income industrial economies improved markedly, moving on average from the 12th to the seventh position between 2010 and 2023. This was 0ne of the largest improvements among all country groups and it reflects, to a big extent, the strong per- formance of China. High- and middle-income industrializing economies followed as the third and fourth-ranked groups, with average positions industrial performance has gradually strengthened in recent years. Low-income economies remain at the bottom of the ranking, placed on average at the 136th position, with no indication of a reversal in by ClP dimension, allowing for the identification of relative strengths and weaknesses. High-income industrial economies perform strongly across all three dimensions. However, as their economic structures shift towards activities with a lower manufacturing share, they are