impact of using VLSFO or conventional LNG. However there sea shipping and, as with LNG, investments are being made in the production of lower-emission fuel variants. For all three fuels, there are potentially viable pathways emerging to achieve near-zero emissions. To illustrate the potential cost impact of these alternatives, the two vessel cases above have been modelled for all three fuels. For each ship type, fuel pathways from 2025 to 2050 have been considered, with the aim of minimising FuelEU Maritime exposure. The timing of the introduction of fuels is in GHG intensity required by FuelEU Maritime. (with MDO as pilot fuel) until 2030, when 5% of bio- LNG is added to the energy mix. Afurther 5% is added each year. From 2039, e-LNG enters the mix with a 5% blend, increasing each year. By 2043, the vessel runs on a blend of 65% bio-LNG and 35% e-LNG, with the blend reaching 30% and 60% respectively by 2050.