increase from 2019 to 2023, albeit at a less rapid pace. The average annual funding during 2021-2023 the period of 2019-2022, expenses for doctoral studies and foundational salary supplements als0 rose. Conversely, funding for both fundamental and applied research declined, and financial support for innova- tive developments nearly ceased. The share of non-budgetary funds remained modest, around 10 percent concurrently experienced a reduction of 2.5 billion som in research grants. The SRl on Livestock and Poultry