Chapter 2. Investment needs and challenges case. After 2030, construction on a series of large-scale interconnectors from Sumatra to Java in Indonesia, Viet Nam to Peninsular Malaysia, and Sarawak to Singapore, among many others, are expected to begin, leading to a further surpasses USD 2 billion in the 2031-2040 period. In terms of the technologies employed for interconnectors, a comparison of future cable investment. Cross-border subsea cables have not been common to date other than a short 1.5 kilometre (km) HVAC link between Peninsular Malaysia and islands in Indonesia, the Philippines and Viet Nam. By contrast, subsea cables more than 75% from then onwards. This is mainly because overhead lines are not connection across waterbodies in the south and east subsystems. systems, a mature and relatively cost-effective solution well suited for plants. However, for long-distance transmission routes, particularly those involving subsea cables, HVAC systems become less economically viable due to significant transmission losses. These losses are especially pronounced in underwater