of the European BESS offtake market. In 2025, reach 16 GWh, based on preliminary industry estimates, marking a record year and an increase of around 80% compared with 2024. Over the past five years, BESS capacity has expanded at a compound annual growth rate of 92%. BESS different FPA structures, as asset owners seek to profiles. In 2025, 6.5 GW of FPAs were signed, up from 3.3 Gw in 2024 - an increase of around 100%. but also in the number of transactions, with 38 picked up across continental Europe, with Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands emerging as key hubs. Several other EU markets - from Bulgaria to Poland - saw their first FPAs. Source: Pexapark Analysis. FPA contracted capacity and FPA deal count include publicly announced tolls, revenue swaps, and floors, as well as deals with undisclosed contract structures in the EU and UK, as recorded in Pexapark's BEsS Deal