Indonesia reported a significant decrease in its annual average PM2.5 concentration, which fell by 16% from 35.5 μg/m3 in 2024 to 30 μg/m3 in 2025. This national improvement was mirrored in several key cities including Jakarta, Medan, Malang, Bekasi, and Bandung. Jakarta, the capital and most populous city inthe country, reported a substantial decrease of 18% as levels cities with consistent year-over-year data, 39 cities reported decreases in annual average Despite these improvements in air quality, Indonesia remains the most polluted country in the average PM2.5 concentrations higher than 35 μg/m3. Agricultural burning and wildfires continue oodsue alum ae aend ui sids oses pue und eunogsuen esne o emissions remains a persistent problem for air quality in larger urban centers. Indonesia's air quality was impacted by multiple sources in 2025, including peatland and forest fire,smoke,vehicleemissions,roaddust,wasteburning,biomassburning,andindustrialactivity. Coal-fired power plants, especially pre-2019 facilities near Jakarta, remained a key source of air polution in parts of the country.20 Vehicular emissions, biomass burning, and industrial clusters in Java affected urban air quality, while peatland fires and haze blanketed Sumatra and n o n u e pe i u sns s j sa net-zero emissions by 2060, enforcement gaps and limited PM2.5 controls result in sustained pollution hotspots,2,23.24 clearance in West Sumatra's Mentawai Islands and peatland destruction in Riau. In July 2025, a court in Sumatra dismissed a landmark lawsuit by haze victims against three pulpwood Annual hours spent at different PM2.5 pollution levels plantation companies, sparking protests.25 The Indonesian government, while promoting timber ld pe ssul ouou oa o anssad pes aa aimai sued