ranges dramatically across economies, reflecting different stages of industrialization and economic structural transformation. This pattern reveals significant heterogeneity in industrial development strategies and manufacturing capabilities across the region. The importance of the manufacturing sector varies considerably across the region. At the upper tier, East Asian manufacturing powerhouses dominate the landscape, with the ROC (35.8%) standing as the clear leader, followed by Thailand (27.6%) and the ROK (27.2%). These economies demonstrate manufacturing shares exceeding 25%, reflecting their roles as major Bangladesh (23.0%) form an upper-middle tier, with manufacturing shares of 23-24%, industrial capacity. In comparison, Japan's 20.3% share reflects a mature, technology-intensive At the lower end, economies such as India (13.2%), Pakistan (11.3%), and Nepal (5.4%) have more limited manufacturing bases. In comparison, Hong Kong (1.0%) represents the extreme case of complete structural transformation toward services and finance. 72 | APO PRODUCTIVITY OUTLOOK 2026 | ENERGY EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY IMPACTS, AND COMPOSITE INDICATOR DEVELOPMENT