Comparing manufacturing productivity with economy-wide productivity reveals distinct patterns. In Singapore, the ROC, the ROK, Japan, Malaysia, and the Philippines, manufacturing productivity substantially exceeds economy-wide productivity, consistent with more capital- and technology- Conversely, some economies show manufacturing productivity levels that fall short of their broader economic performance, such as Hong Kong, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Turkiye, suggesting that manufacturing sectors underperform other sectors of the economy. These economies display manufacturing productivity gaps that suggest other sectors—-particularly high-value services, resource extraction, or capital-intensive industries—drive overall national productivity upward. At the same time, manufacturing remains constrained by technological limitations, infrastructure deficits, or structural inefficiencies that prevent it from achieving economy-wide productivity benchmarks. A few economies, including India and Vietnam, display manufacturing productivity levels that closely align with their overall economic productivity, suggesting that their manufacturing sectors reflect broader national productivity characteristics rather than serving as productivity leaders. Taken together, these results indicate pronounced cross-economy heterogeneity in manufacturing LP, consistent with varying degrees of technological sophistication, capital intensity, and industrial upgrading. As economies continue to develop their manufacturing capabilities, productivity economic growth strategies. However, the path to high-productivity manufacturing is not uniform, and each economy's journey reflects its unique industrial structure, technological capacity, and
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