Public procurement lapses. As discussed earlier, there is an overriding need to substantially strengthen public procurement processes, not so much in the legislative arrangements but in institutional capacity, market practices, and integrity systems. Given the close link between public procurement and the PFM system, this exercise to Sequenced reforms stand a better chance of success. This practice of sequencing reforms is evident, for example, Budget credibility. The annual budget will have to be credible, and it will have to be shown to be an integral part of a MTFF. While generally this, in itself, is not a very serious lapse across DMCs, where more attention is needed is could also be improved, particularly offering analysis of fiscal risks in a transparent manner. Effective legislative oversight is the cornerstone of fiscal discipline and public accountability in a democratic system. paper, their ability to enforce accountability is frequently undermined by a combination of systemic weaknesses SOE reforms and political will. As SOEs are often at the center of expenditure overloads in developing countries, their reforms occupy the minds of policymakers. SOEs are significant economic actors and critical components of the broader PFM landscape. As they often operate at the intersection of commercial objectives and public policy, their governance, financial reporting, and accountability mechanisms carry unique fiscal risks. The central annual reports in Parliament—they are rendered impotent without the political will to act on them. Thus, having anp pazias pou s! unoddo peue j! ssauueaw s! set ot o au axen on shoelsial sot Aunoddo aldue political considerations. This failure to enforce consequences is the central obstacle to meaningful SOE reforms, and by extension, broader PFM and expenditure management as well.