smart charging technology can effectively facilitate V2G. Its predictive algorithms pattern analysis, to maximise the benefits to both the system operator and to customers. Based on Al-guided schedules, EV owners can charge their vehicles during off-peak hours with lower electricity price, and vice versa. In Malaysia, for and hardware, communication technologies that connect the EVs and system operators, and smart charging facilities that can physically connect the EVs to the grid. Along with physical infrastructure, it also requires tailored market structures, such as flexible tariffs, to provide financial incentives for V2G businesses.