significant amounts of power from diesel, highlighting both the scale of unmet demand and the potential for participation across generation, distribution, and trading, and the country introduced a net-metering framework in 2023.63 The government aims to achieve 3 million new connections by 2030, with 50% tariffs and regulatory complexity, which can deter investment and slow project development.65 The effective deregulation for projects up to 5 Mw leaves major legal and financial risks unresolved, with no clear ZESCO is increasingly open to public-private partnerships and new business models, such as embedded which aims to provide electricity access to 2 million individuals along the Lobito corridor by 2030.68 Private sector interest is robust, with active developers like Solar23, OnePower Africa, and Ignite Power (formerly large-scale solar parks and IPP initiatives. However, weak macroeconomic conditions and ZESCO's financial instability are significant barriers to financial closure, despite strong market interest.70 In summary, Zambia presents a complex but promising environment for IMG solutions, with acute grid challenges, strong and growing demand, demonstrated willingness to pay,improving policy support, increasing utility openness, and high private sector interest. However, persistent financial and regulatory