These patterns suggest successful industrial upgrading and technological advancement processes. Conversely, some economies, including Bangladesh, Cambodia, and several South Asian efficiency improvements or technological upgrading. Meanwhile, other economies, including Vietnam and Thailand, show moderate but steady productivity improvements, reflecting gradual industrial development and integration into global value chains. Taken together, these temporal patterns reveal that manufacturing productivity enhancement is neither automatic nor uniform across developing economies. The divergent trajectories suggest that sustained productivity growth requires deliberate industrial policies, technological upgrading, APO PRODUCTIVITY OUTLOOK 2026 | ENERGY EFFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY IMPACTS, AND COMPOSITE INDICATOR DEVELOPMENT | 85