MVA per capita at constant prices, average annual growth rate 2013-2023 (per cent) Note: Growth rates of MVA per capita are calculated over the values in constant 2015 USD. The HDl is a composite measure of human development. Higher values in the Index indicate a better performance; for more information, see [16]. High-income economies are excluded from this graph, as the relationship between manufacturing and development changes once countries reach advanced stages of development (see e.g. [15]). growth (average annual MvA per capita growth smaller than 0 per cent), economies with low manufacturing growth (average growth (average annual MvA per capita growth larger than 3 per cent). Economies are further partitioned according to the UNIDO country classification in order to reduce the impact of their pre-existing industrialization stage. High-income economies advanced stages of development (see e.g. [15]). For more information on the HDl, see [16].