the remainder occurring during post-incident repairs and maintenance. This corresponds to an incident rate of around 0.06% per km of CO2 pipeline per year. In terms of transported volumes, assuming an average annual throughput of 0.005% of total CO2 transported. The economic penalties incurred due to these incidents amounted to approximately USD 8 million (2025 USD) since 2010, or in managing CO2 transport by pipeline, two caveats are important to note when applying this experience to future systems. First, the existing network - most of which was developed for EOR purposes - primarily transports relatively pure CO2, with more limited experience transporting dense-phase CO2 containing impurities. At the same time, many pipelines were developed with an emphasis on minimising transport, while CO2 infrastructure for dedicated storage may adopt different specifications for materials, coatings, and operating conditions to address long- contexts. As a result, uncertainty continues to be reflected in risk pricing.