and family surveillance, often embedded in concerns.9 These context-specific risks increase By contrast, the association between marital mechanisms observed across countries, such as differences in available free time, social networking motivations, and family obligations,10 even though contexts. Although respondents who consider media, it is worth noting that social media is region-specific social constraints, alongside engagement through influencers.l Affluence and countries.8 In the MENA context in particular, gendered norms surrounding online visibility, media use, reflecting greater access to digital technologies, greater perceived usefulness of social media,12 and systematic differences in discourage women's participation. Prior research usage patterns (e.g., greater emphasis on