ae alqesn ssasse o s!leo au 'eui u ussodandan ae apuoas jo pedu! lea volumes, infrastructure needs, revenue potential, and underlying costs from 2025 to 2050. The model is calibrated using expert inputs, cost benchmarks, and conservative estimates to reflect the nascent state of the Indian repurposing market. wheelers, three-wheelers, four-wheelers, LcVs, buses, and trucks — and segment-specific retirement profiles. EV penetration rates were derived from India at 2047: A Vision for Energy Independence in the Mobility Sector, which depicts an energy independence scenario for the mobility sector aimed at achieving energy independence by 2047.57 scenario's ambitious clean fuel targets as benchmarks to estimate future battery volumes and guide proactive circularity planning. Retirement ages are three years (three-wheelers), five to six years (LcVs, including four-wheelers in fleet applications), and seven to eight years (buses and trucks). Battery volume is measured in