Energy consumption of battery electric, plug-in hybrid and combustion engine passenger vehicles in kwh/1ookm, vehicles, reflecting their superior efficiency. In contrast, even when operating in electric mode, most plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) exhibit higher energy consumption than battery-electric vehicles (BEVs). When driving with an empty battery - that is, in charge-sustaining mode - PHEVs operate similarly to conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). However, in this mode, their energy consumption (expressed in equivalent 2024, substantially higher than that of other combustion engine vehicles.