volumes in the EU. There are also some other hybrid processes (e.g., together with biofuel) that may The economic outlook for e-fuels in Europe is shaped by geography, technology pathways and cost, Southern Europe will be the most favorable region for production due to lower electricity prices. This (Soler et al., 2024), replacing the previous analysis referring to earlier studies (Yugo and Soler, vary accross EU regions. E-ammonia and e-methanol are expected to be the cheapest e-fuels, with e-methanol costs estimated at E1.60 to E2.35 per litre of diesel equivalent. Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels will be the most expensive. Further cost reductions are forecasted in the coming years, driven by technological learning and economies of scale as global production expands. The Concawe and Aramco report No. 4/24 also included estimates of e-fuels production costs in e- expenditures (CAPEX) are expected to decrease by 30-35% between 2020 and 2050. For example, and 35%, respectively. However, the analysis reveals a divergence. CAPEX for e-ammonia and FT u shsabns siyi osoz Ag jasadsas 't pue ot Ag aseaoui on panaosd s! shueid sisauuss experience the same cost benefits as other technologies. The future competitiveness of e-fuels will